2015-02-07T15:22:27Z

Rollman222:

Author: Matt Nathal [2015] 

Stewards: Jian Gong and Fengqi You

Vessel Specifications
Vessel Geometry
Stresses and Strains
Materials of Construction

==Vessel Specifications==
The process requirements usually dictate specifications and parameters that the pressure vessel must fulfill. Some such requirements are:

Min and Max design temperature
Min and Max design pressure

===Design Temperature===

Maximum design temperature – highest mean metal temperature expected in operation plus a margin (typically 50°F)

Minimum design temperature – lowest mean metal temperature expected in operation minus a margin (typically 25°F)

Steps should be taken to account for potential failures of cooling/heating streams to prevent or minimize damage to equipment and injury to operators.

===Design Pressure===

Normal operating pressure – the expected pressure of the process

Maximum operating pressure – the highest expected pressure, potentially during startup, shutdown, or emergencies

Design pressure – the maximum operating pressure plus a margin. The margin is typically the greater of: 10% of max operating pressure or 25 psi.

The specified pressure is usually near the relief valve at the top of the vessel.

==Vessel Geometry==

===Pressure Vessel Size and Shape===

Typically pressure vessels are cylinders with at least a 2:1 ratio of height to width. 3:1 and 4:1 ratios are most common.

===Pressure Vessel Orientation===

Pressure vessels can be oriented either vertically or horizontally. Vertical vessels are more common because they use less land space and the smaller cross-sectional area of the vessel allows for easier mixing. Horizontal vessels are used when more phase separation is required because larger cross-sectional areas allow for less vertical velocities and therefore less entrainment. Settling tanks and flash vessels are typically horizontal for this reason. Horizontal vessels also allow easier cleaning, so heat exchangers are primarily horizontal.

===Head Design===

There are three different designs for the ends of the pressure vessel: hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and torispherical. Hemispherical heads are best for high pressure systems, they provide the largest internal volume of the three options, they are half the thickness of the shell, and are the most expensive to make and combine with the shell. Elliopsoidal heads are cheaper than hemispherical heads and provide less internal volume, they are the same thickness as the shell, and are most common for systems with greater than 15 bar. Torispherical heads are the cheapest of the three options, and are most commonly used when pressures do not exceed 15 bar.

==Stresses and Strains==

There are a variety of potential stresses on a pressure vessel that must be accounted for during design and construction:

Internal and external pressure
Weight of vessel
Weight of contents
Weight of internals (distillation trays, heating/cooling coils, packing supports)
Weight of attached equipment
Thermal expansion
Cyclic loads caused by condition changes
Friction loads
Environmental loads (wind/snow/seismic)

===Wall Thickness===

There are two main stresses that can occur on the shell portion of the pressure vessel; hoop stress and longitudinal stress.

Hoop Stress
Wall thickness=PD/(2SE-1.2P )
Longitudinal Stress:
Wall thickness= PD/(4SE+0.8P)

Where P is the pressure, D is the diameter, S is the max allowable stress, and E is the welded joint efficiency. The thicker of the two is chosen as the wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness (without considering corrosion allowances) is 1/16 inches.

Typically walls are much thicker. In high pressure vessels, internal pressure has the largest magnitude. In low pressure vessels, wall thickness is designed to resist vacuum.

===Head thickness===

Alternate equations govern the appropriate head thickness:

Hemispherical:
Thickness = PD/(4SE-0.4P)
Ellipsoidal:
Thickness = PD/(2SE-0.2P)
Torispherical:
Thickness = (0.885PR_c)/(SE-0.1P)

Rc is the crown radius.

===Corrosion Allowance===

A margin of wall thickness must be added to account for corrosion of the vessel over time. This margin is usually between 1/16” and 3/16”.

In heat exchangers where wall thickness can affect heat transfer, smaller margins are used.

==Materials of Construction==

The materials used in pressure vessels must maintain their strength under design conditions, withstand variation due to changing process conditions, and must resist corrosion. Commonly used materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, and various nickel alloys.

References:
Sinnott, R. K., and Gavin P. Towler. Chemical Engineering Design / Ray Sinnott, Gavin Towler. 2013
Pressure Vessel Heads. Inspection-for-Industry. http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure-vessel-heads.html