Desalination - Team B - Revision history

Cindyxchen: /* Appendix H */

2016-03-11T23:13:05Z

Appendix H

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	==Appendix H==		==Appendix H==
	This appendix includes stream conditions and composition in the process.		This appendix includes stream conditions and composition in the process.
	[[File:TableH1RHP.~~PNG~~\|thumb\|center\|400px]]		[[File:TableH1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|400px]]
	[[File:TableH2RHP.~~PNG~~\|thumb\|center\|400px]]		[[File:TableH2RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|400px]]

	==Appendix I==		==Appendix I==

Cindyxchen: /* Location Selection */

2016-03-11T23:10:03Z

Location Selection

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	The Durban area in South Africa has been selected as the location of this project since it is currently experiencing approximately 25% water withdrawal as a percentage of total available water. This value is projected to increase in the upcoming years to 40% water withdrawal due to physical water scarcity [3,4] as can been seen in Figure 1.		The Durban area in South Africa has been selected as the location of this project since it is currently experiencing approximately 25% water withdrawal as a percentage of total available water. This value is projected to increase in the upcoming years to 40% water withdrawal due to physical water scarcity [3,4] as can been seen in Figure 1.

	[[File:MapABC.jpg \| thumb \| center \| ~~400~~ px \| alt=Alt text\| Fig 1: Comparison of water scarcity between 1995 and 2025.]]		[[File:MapABC.jpg \| thumb \| center \| 550 px \| alt=Alt text\| Fig 1: Comparison of water scarcity between 1995 and 2025.]]

	In addition to the increasing water scarcity in the next decade, this location was selected due to relatively low location costs and salinity levels as seen in Appendix A. South Africa has a location cost factor of 1.1, which is only 10 % more than the Gulf Coast basis. The country also has relatively low cost of labor and has a labor productivity factor of 1.3 [5]. To provide energy for this process, hydroelectric power from a plant located approximately 200 km away from the proposed location will be used, allowing for a more sustainable energy source at a stable price point. Five desalination plants already exist in the country; all located on the western coast, in suburban areas as shown in Appendix B. A plant located on the eastern side, specifically in Amanzimtoti, near the large metropolis of Durban, would supplement these existing facilities by increasing the amount of available drinking water and provide an economic boost to an area that has one of the largest percentages of agricultural households in the country.		In addition to the increasing water scarcity in the next decade, this location was selected due to relatively low location costs and salinity levels as seen in Appendix A. South Africa has a location cost factor of 1.1, which is only 10 % more than the Gulf Coast basis. The country also has relatively low cost of labor and has a labor productivity factor of 1.3 [5]. To provide energy for this process, hydroelectric power from a plant located approximately 200 km away from the proposed location will be used, allowing for a more sustainable energy source at a stable price point. Five desalination plants already exist in the country; all located on the western coast, in suburban areas as shown in Appendix B. A plant located on the eastern side, specifically in Amanzimtoti, near the large metropolis of Durban, would supplement these existing facilities by increasing the amount of available drinking water and provide an economic boost to an area that has one of the largest percentages of agricultural households in the country.

Cindyxchen: /* Process Overview */

2016-03-11T23:09:49Z

Process Overview

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	=Process Overview=		=Process Overview=
	Raw seawater is taken from the ocean and pumped to the pretreatment facility. Sodium hypochlorite is added to remove particulates and biological organisms that would cause fouling in the RO membranes. Pretreatment involves a series of filters to remove the majority of the particulates [13] and an activated carbon filter to dechlorinate the pretreated water before it is pumped to high pressure. Reverse osmosis occurs in two banks of spiral wound membrane modules. The high pressure concentrate exits the reverse osmosis system and is sent to an energy recovery device. This converts mechanical energy from the pressurized concentrate into mechanical energy that pumps the low pressure filtered seawater. The low pressure concentrate is then returned to the ocean. The purified product from reverse osmosis is sent to posttreatment where it is remineralized by mixing with a slight percentage of pressurized concentrate in order to restore the necessary minerals and to meet drinking water standards. It is then disinfected with chlorine dioxide and sent to the consumer. See Figure 2 for a block flow diagram of this process.		Raw seawater is taken from the ocean and pumped to the pretreatment facility. Sodium hypochlorite is added to remove particulates and biological organisms that would cause fouling in the RO membranes. Pretreatment involves a series of filters to remove the majority of the particulates [13] and an activated carbon filter to dechlorinate the pretreated water before it is pumped to high pressure. Reverse osmosis occurs in two banks of spiral wound membrane modules. The high pressure concentrate exits the reverse osmosis system and is sent to an energy recovery device. This converts mechanical energy from the pressurized concentrate into mechanical energy that pumps the low pressure filtered seawater. The low pressure concentrate is then returned to the ocean. The purified product from reverse osmosis is sent to posttreatment where it is remineralized by mixing with a slight percentage of pressurized concentrate in order to restore the necessary minerals and to meet drinking water standards. It is then disinfected with chlorine dioxide and sent to the consumer. See Figure 2 for a block flow diagram of this process.
	[[File: Figure2RHP.png \| thumb \| center \| ~~400px~~ \| alt=Alt text \| Fig 2: Block flow diagram of the proposed desalination process.]]		[[File: Figure2RHP.png \| thumb \| center \| 550px \| alt=Alt text \| Fig 2: Block flow diagram of the proposed desalination process.]]

	=Process Flow Diagram=		=Process Flow Diagram=

Cindyxchen: /* Appendix K */

2016-03-11T23:06:53Z

Appendix K

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	==Appendix K==		==Appendix K==
	This appendix includes the calculated pressure drops across all the membranes used in the process.		This appendix includes the calculated pressure drops across all the membranes used in the process.
	[[File:TableK1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~]]		[[File:TableK1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|350px]]


	==Appendix L==		==Appendix L==

Cindyxchen: /* Appendix M */

2016-03-11T23:06:31Z

Appendix M

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:06, 11 March 2016
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	==Appendix M==		==Appendix M==
	This appendix includes the economic analysis spreadsheet, along with the costs of production and a graph showing the resulting net present value with changing the number of reverse osmosis membranes in the first bank of the system.		This appendix includes the economic analysis spreadsheet, along with the costs of production and a graph showing the resulting net present value with changing the number of reverse osmosis membranes in the first bank of the system.
	[[File:FigureM1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M1: Cost of Production]]		[[File:FigureM1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|600px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M1: Cost of Production]]
	[[File:FigureM2RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M2: Economic Analysis]]		[[File:FigureM2RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|600px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M2: Economic Analysis]]
	[[File:FigureM3RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M3: Optimization of net present value by number of reverse osmosis membranes in first bank]]		[[File:FigureM3RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M3: Optimization of net present value by number of reverse osmosis membranes in first bank]]

Cindyxchen: /* Appendices */

2016-03-11T23:05:21Z

Appendices

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	==Appendix M==		==Appendix M==
	This appendix includes the economic analysis spreadsheet, along with the costs of production and a graph showing the resulting net present value with changing the number of reverse osmosis membranes in the first bank of the system.		This appendix includes the economic analysis spreadsheet, along with the costs of production and a graph showing the resulting net present value with changing the number of reverse osmosis membranes in the first bank of the system.
	[[File:FigureM1RHP.~~png~~\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M1: Cost of Production]]		[[File:FigureM1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M1: Cost of Production]]
	[[File:FigureM2RHP.~~png~~\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M2: Economic Analysis]]		[[File:FigureM2RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M2: Economic Analysis]]
	[[File:FigureM3RHP.~~png~~\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M3: Optimization of net present value by number of reverse osmosis membranes in first bank]]		[[File:FigureM3RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig M3: Optimization of net present value by number of reverse osmosis membranes in first bank]]

Cindyxchen: /* Appendix G */

2016-03-11T23:02:35Z

Appendix G

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 11 March 2016
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	This appendix contains the process flow diagrams divided into the 100 section for pretreatment and the 200 section for reverse osmosis and posttreatment. A layout of the banks for reverse osmosis is also included.		This appendix contains the process flow diagrams divided into the 100 section for pretreatment and the 200 section for reverse osmosis and posttreatment. A layout of the banks for reverse osmosis is also included.

	[[File:FigureG1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G1: Process flow diagram of pretreatment]]		[[File:FigureG1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|600px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G1: Process flow diagram of pretreatment]]

	[[File:FigureG2RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G2: The process flow diagram of reverse osmosis and posttreatment]]		[[File:FigureG2RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|600px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G2: The process flow diagram of reverse osmosis and posttreatment]]

	[[File:FigureG3RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|~~400px~~\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G3: Detailed process flow diagram of reverse osmosis membranes]]		[[File:FigureG3RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|600px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig G3: Detailed process flow diagram of reverse osmosis membranes]]

	==Appendix H==		==Appendix H==

Cindyxchen: /* Appendices */

2016-03-11T23:01:46Z

Appendices

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 This appendix contains the process flow diagrams divided into the 100 section for pretreatment and the 200 section for reverse osmosis and posttreatment. A layout of the banks for reverse osmosis is also included.
 ==Appendix H==
 ==Appendix I==
 ==Appendix J==
 ==Appendix K==
 ==Appendix L==
 ==Appendix M==

Cindyxchen: /* Appendices */

2016-03-11T22:55:15Z

Appendices

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	#Lamberts Bay		#Lamberts Bay
	#Cannon Rocks and Boknes Communities		#Cannon Rocks and Boknes Communities


	==Appendix C==		==Appendix C==
			This appendix includes the inorganic compositions in seawater along the coast of South Africa, as well as the upper limits for each of these species.

			[[File:TableC1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px]]

	==Appendix D==		==Appendix D==
			This appendix provides summaries of process alternatives for pretreatment.

			[[File:TableD1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px]]

	==Appendix E==		==Appendix E==
			This appendix includes the different types of reverse osmosis membrane modules.

			[[File:FigureE1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig E1: Four types of RO membrane modules: a) plate and frame, b) tubular, c) spiral wound, and d) hollow fiber]]

	==Appendix F==		==Appendix F==
			This appendix includes the different alternatives for remineralization and the included comparison of capital and operating costs.
			[[File:TableF1RHP.PNG\|thumb\|center\|400px]]


	==Appendix G==		==Appendix G==
			This appendix contains the process flow diagrams divided into the 100 section for pretreatment and the 200 section for reverse osmosis and posttreatment. A layout of the banks for reverse osmosis is also included.


	==Appendix H==		==Appendix H==
	==Appendix I==		==Appendix I==

Cindyxchen: /* Appendices */

2016-03-11T22:52:07Z

Appendices

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 11 March 2016
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	==Appendix A==		==Appendix A==
			This appendix includes a map representing the salinity of seawater around the world in parts per thousand.

			[[File:FigureA1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig A1: A representation of salinity levels around the world.]]
	etc.

			==Appendix B==
			This appendix includes the locations of the five existing desalination plants in South Africa.

			[[File:FigureB1RHP.png\|thumb\|center\|400px\|alt=Alt text\|Fig B1: A map of existing locations of desalination plants in South Africa]]

			#Knysa - Western Cape
			#Plettenberg Bay
			#Mossel Bay
			#Lamberts Bay
			#Cannon Rocks and Boknes Communities


			==Appendix C==
			==Appendix D==
			==Appendix E==
			==Appendix F==
			==Appendix G==
			==Appendix H==
			==Appendix I==
			==Appendix J==
			==Appendix K==
			==Appendix L==
			==Appendix M==