Design G2 - Revision history

Jian: /* References */

2015-02-28T22:11:44Z

References

Jian: /* Works Cited */

2015-02-28T22:10:27Z

Works Cited

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	Our economic analysis has proven that the project as it currently stands is highly profitable and will bring in positive cash flow within three years, although there are some existing environmental and safety concerns. Our current plans involve burning an effluent stream in which the key components are hydrogen, ethylene glycol and some fatty acids. In this case an analysis will need to be done in order to determine the extent of the damage to the local air and if a purification step is necessary. The main safety concerns involve the acid streams and the reactor itself. Operators will needs to be thoroughly educated on acid burn precaution and treatment procedures due to the acidic requirements of the streams. The reactor runs at very high pressures and given the exothermic nature of the reaction appropriate steps will need to be taken in order to ensure that runaway reactions can be safely dealt with and pressure relief systems will be put in place. Our economic analysis has proven that the project as it currently stands is highly profitable and will bring in positive cash flow within three years. However, there is definite room for expansion in the design; our low NPV values and high IRR values indicate the ability to leverage economies of scale and dramatically expand our profit margins. As it stands, we recommend maximizing the NPV of the project with full scale optimization. This entails the addition of parallel reaction trains and the inclusion of a heat exchange network to fully maximize our profit margins. A plant layout should be developed along with the inclusion of automated control schemes to better optimize the process operation. The project currently holds great economic potential and with some more detailed engineering, could provide a very high return for our shareholders.		Our economic analysis has proven that the project as it currently stands is highly profitable and will bring in positive cash flow within three years, although there are some existing environmental and safety concerns. Our current plans involve burning an effluent stream in which the key components are hydrogen, ethylene glycol and some fatty acids. In this case an analysis will need to be done in order to determine the extent of the damage to the local air and if a purification step is necessary. The main safety concerns involve the acid streams and the reactor itself. Operators will needs to be thoroughly educated on acid burn precaution and treatment procedures due to the acidic requirements of the streams. The reactor runs at very high pressures and given the exothermic nature of the reaction appropriate steps will need to be taken in order to ensure that runaway reactions can be safely dealt with and pressure relief systems will be put in place. Our economic analysis has proven that the project as it currently stands is highly profitable and will bring in positive cash flow within three years. However, there is definite room for expansion in the design; our low NPV values and high IRR values indicate the ability to leverage economies of scale and dramatically expand our profit margins. As it stands, we recommend maximizing the NPV of the project with full scale optimization. This entails the addition of parallel reaction trains and the inclusion of a heat exchange network to fully maximize our profit margins. A plant layout should be developed along with the inclusion of automated control schemes to better optimize the process operation. The project currently holds great economic potential and with some more detailed engineering, could provide a very high return for our shareholders.

			=References=
	=Works Cited=

	:Alibaba.com [Internet]. Hangzhou: Alibaba.com; c1999-2015 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=glycerol.		:Alibaba.com [Internet]. Hangzhou: Alibaba.com; c1999-2015 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=glycerol.

Jian: /* Works Cited */

2015-02-28T21:02:41Z

Works Cited

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	:Rabello CRK, et al., inventors; Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. Petrobras, assignee. Production of Propylene Glycol from Glycerine. United States patent 20110295044 A1. 2011 Dec 1.		:Rabello CRK, et al., inventors; Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. Petrobras, assignee. Production of Propylene Glycol from Glycerine. United States patent 20110295044 A1. 2011 Dec 1.

	:Sigmaaldrich.com. Alternatives for product 39988 Activated Charcoal Norit (FLUKA) [Internet]. St. Louis: Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http:~~//www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Replacement.doproductNumber=39988&brand=FLUKA&matNo=&fromUrl=http%3A~~//www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/39988~~%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS~~&fromUrlLabel=product%20details.		:Sigmaaldrich.com. Alternatives for product 39988 Activated Charcoal Norit (FLUKA) [Internet]. St. Louis: Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/39988?lang=en&region=US&fromUrlLabel=product%20details.?lang=en&region=US

	:Srsbiodiesel.com. Glycerin Specifications [Internet]. Temecula: SRS International; c2013- [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.srsbiodiesel.com/technologies/glycerin-purification/glycerin-specifications/.		:Srsbiodiesel.com. Glycerin Specifications [Internet]. Temecula: SRS International; c2013- [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.srsbiodiesel.com/technologies/glycerin-purification/glycerin-specifications/.

Jian: /* Works Cited */

2015-02-28T20:59:52Z

Works Cited

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	:Lme.com. LME Cobalt [Internet]. London: The London Metal Exchange Limited; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.lme.com/en-gb/metals/minor-metals/cobalt/.		:Lme.com. LME Cobalt [Internet]. London: The London Metal Exchange Limited; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.lme.com/en-gb/metals/minor-metals/cobalt/.

	:Meglobal.biz. MEG Sales Specifications [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: MEGlobal [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from:		:Meglobal.biz. MEG Sales Specifications [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: MEGlobal [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.meglobal.biz/monoethylene-glycol/sales-specs.
	http://www.meglobal.biz/monoethylene-glycol/sales-specs.

	:Nizamoff AJ. Green Glycols and Polyols [Internet]. Wheaton: Nexant Inc.; c2011- [updated 2010 Dec; cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://thinking.nexant.com/sites/default/files/report/field_attachment_abstract/201012/0910S8_abs.pdf.		:Nizamoff AJ. Green Glycols and Polyols [Internet]. Wheaton: Nexant Inc.; c2011- [updated 2010 Dec; cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://thinking.nexant.com/sites/default/files/report/field_attachment_abstract/201012/0910S8_abs.pdf.
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	:Sigmaaldrich.com. Alternatives for product 39988 Activated Charcoal Norit (FLUKA) [Internet]. St. Louis: Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Replacement.doproductNumber=39988&brand=FLUKA&matNo=&fromUrl=http%3A//www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/39988%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&fromUrlLabel=product%20details.		:Sigmaaldrich.com. Alternatives for product 39988 Activated Charcoal Norit (FLUKA) [Internet]. St. Louis: Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Replacement.doproductNumber=39988&brand=FLUKA&matNo=&fromUrl=http%3A//www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/39988%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&fromUrlLabel=product%20details.

	:Srsbiodiesel.com. Glycerin Specifications [Internet]. Temecula: SRS International; c2013- [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from:		:Srsbiodiesel.com. Glycerin Specifications [Internet]. Temecula: SRS International; c2013- [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.srsbiodiesel.com/technologies/glycerin-purification/glycerin-specifications/.
	http://www.srsbiodiesel.com/technologies/glycerin-purification/glycerin-specifications/.

	:The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: One Hundred Tenth Congress of the United States of America, Pub. L. No. 110-40 (Dec 19, 2007).		:The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: One Hundred Tenth Congress of the United States of America, Pub. L. No. 110-40 (Dec 19, 2007).
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	:Tuck MWM, inventor; Davy Process Technology Limited, assignee. Process for the hydrogenation of glycerol to propylene glycol. United States patent 08227646 B2. 2012 Jul 24.		:Tuck MWM, inventor; Davy Process Technology Limited, assignee. Process for the hydrogenation of glycerol to propylene glycol. United States patent 08227646 B2. 2012 Jul 24.

	:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Transportation and Air Quality. EPA Proposes 2014 Renewable Fuel Standards, 2015 Biomass-Based Diesel Volume [Internet].		:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Transportation and Air Quality. EPA Proposes 2014 Renewable Fuel Standards, 2015 Biomass-Based Diesel Volume [Internet]. [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/documents/420f13048.pdf.
	[cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/documents/420f13048.pdf.

	:Wmo.int. Salvador [Internet]. WMO; c2014 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1081.		:Wmo.int. Salvador [Internet]. WMO; c2014 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1081.

Jian: /* Works Cited */

2015-02-28T20:58:38Z

Works Cited

Show changes

Jian: /* Prices */

2015-02-28T20:57:27Z

Prices

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	=Prices=		=Prices=

	The price of feedstocks crude glycerol and hydrogen are $200/t (Alibaba.com; Bozell and Petersen, 2010) and $1100/t (Icis.com, b). The price of products propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are $2557/t (Interview with Dow Chemical) and $1400/t (Meglobal.biz). The price of consumables NaOH and H2SO4 are $635/t (Icis.com, c) and $80/t (Icis.com, d). The catalyst must be replaced every 2 years, at a cost of 5.13 $MM (Basf.com; ~~lme~~.com; Sigmaaldrich.com). The price of electricity has been fluctuating recently due to lack of rainfall, and is taken as 0.202 $/kWh (Bloomberg.com, b). Utilities prices for high pressure steam, medium pressure steam, and cooling water are $14.3/t, $12/t, and $.024/t, respectively (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).		The price of feedstocks crude glycerol and hydrogen are $200/t (Alibaba.com; Bozell and Petersen, 2010) and $1100/t (Icis.com, b). The price of products propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are $2557/t (Interview with Dow Chemical) and $1400/t (Meglobal.biz). The price of consumables NaOH and H2SO4 are $635/t (Icis.com, c) and $80/t (Icis.com, d). The catalyst must be replaced every 2 years, at a cost of 5.13 $MM (Basf.com; Lme.com; Sigmaaldrich.com). The price of electricity has been fluctuating recently due to lack of rainfall, and is taken as 0.202 $/kWh (Bloomberg.com, b). Utilities prices for high pressure steam, medium pressure steam, and cooling water are $14.3/t, $12/t, and $.024/t, respectively (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	=Fixed Operating Costs=		=Fixed Operating Costs=

Jian: /* Fixed Operating Costs */

2015-02-28T20:43:36Z

Fixed Operating Costs

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	Based on the plant size, three shift positions with 4.8 operators per shift will comprise the operating labor. A salary of $35,000 is a reasonable estimate of operator wages in Brazil. Supervision is taken as 25% of operating labor, and direct overhead is 45% of labor and supervision. Maintenance is taken as 3% of ISBL Cost, and plant overhead is 65% of labor and maintenance costs. Property and local tax and insurance are both typically 1% of ISBL plus OSBL Cost. Repayment of debt associated with fixed investment is accounted for in the weighted average cost of capital so 0% is taken as fixed cost of production. However, working capital will be funded entirely by debt, so 5% interest of working capital is taken as interest on debt financing.		Based on the plant size, three shift positions with 4.8 operators per shift will comprise the operating labor. A salary of $35,000 is a reasonable estimate of operator wages in Brazil. Supervision is taken as 25% of operating labor, and direct overhead is 45% of labor and supervision. Maintenance is taken as 3% of ISBL Cost, and plant overhead is 65% of labor and maintenance costs. Property and local tax and insurance are both typically 1% of ISBL plus OSBL Cost. Repayment of debt associated with fixed investment is accounted for in the weighted average cost of capital so 0% is taken as fixed cost of production. However, working capital will be funded entirely by debt, so 5% interest of working capital is taken as interest on debt financing.

	The plant is scheduled to be constructed over two years, with 40% of capital expenditure being accounted for in year 1. The plan will operate at 70% capacity in year 3 and 100% in the subsequent years. Cost of equity is taken to be 30% based on chemical industry companies ~~[26]~~, adjusting for increased risk in South American ventures. The debt ratio is taken to be 0.4 which allows this project to be financed by corporate bonds that are rated A and above, with a debt cost of capital of 5%. The resulting weighted average cost of capital is therefore 20%. The project will be depreciated using MACRS 10 year depreciation ~~[36]~~ which allows larger tax savings in the near-term, resulting in higher project NPV. The corporate tax rate in Brazil is 34% ~~[37]~~. Working capital is calculated as seven weeks Cash Cost of Production (CCOP) minus two weeks feed plus 1% of Fixed Capital Cost ~~[26]~~.		The plant is scheduled to be constructed over two years, with 40% of capital expenditure being accounted for in year 1. The plan will operate at 70% capacity in year 3 and 100% in the subsequent years. Cost of equity is taken to be 30% based on chemical industry companies (Towler and Sinnott, 2013), adjusting for increased risk in South American ventures. The debt ratio is taken to be 0.4 which allows this project to be financed by corporate bonds that are rated A and above, with a debt cost of capital of 5%. The resulting weighted average cost of capital is therefore 20%. The project will be depreciated using MACRS 10 year depreciation (Icis.com, e) which allows larger tax savings in the near-term, resulting in higher project NPV. The corporate tax rate in Brazil is 34% (Kpmg.com). Working capital is calculated as seven weeks Cash Cost of Production (CCOP) minus two weeks feed plus 1% of Fixed Capital Cost (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	=Utilities and Pinch Analysis=		=Utilities and Pinch Analysis=

Jian: /* Prices */

2015-02-28T20:41:46Z

Prices

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	=Prices=		=Prices=

	The price of feedstocks crude glycerol and hydrogen are $200/t [4, 5] and $1100/t ~~[29]~~. The price of products propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are $2557/t ~~[8]~~ and $1400/t ~~[23]~~. The price of consumables NaOH and H2SO4 are $635/t ~~[30]~~ and $80/t ~~[31]~~. The catalyst must be replaced every 2 years, at a cost of 5.13 $MM ~~[32,~~ ~~33,~~ ~~34]~~. The price of electricity has been fluctuating recently due to lack of rainfall, and is taken as 0.202 $/kWh ~~[35]~~. Utilities prices for high pressure steam, medium pressure steam, and cooling water are $14.3/t, $12/t, and $.024/t, respectively ~~[26]~~.		The price of feedstocks crude glycerol and hydrogen are $200/t (Alibaba.com; Bozell and Petersen, 2010) and $1100/t (Icis.com, b). The price of products propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are $2557/t (Interview with Dow Chemical) and $1400/t (Meglobal.biz). The price of consumables NaOH and H2SO4 are $635/t (Icis.com, c) and $80/t (Icis.com, d). The catalyst must be replaced every 2 years, at a cost of 5.13 $MM (Basf.com; lme.com; Sigmaaldrich.com). The price of electricity has been fluctuating recently due to lack of rainfall, and is taken as 0.202 $/kWh (Bloomberg.com, b). Utilities prices for high pressure steam, medium pressure steam, and cooling water are $14.3/t, $12/t, and $.024/t, respectively (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).

	=Fixed Operating Costs=		=Fixed Operating Costs=

Jian: /* Equipment Costs */

2015-02-28T20:32:02Z

Equipment Costs

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	=Equipment Costs=		=Equipment Costs=
	Figure 6 below shows the approximated costs of each of the pieces of equipment calculated using Aspen Economic Evaluator v7.3.1. The major components running through the equipment are not corrosive, except basic water. In addition most of the vessels are under fairly standard temperatures and pressures. The key exception is the jacketed reactor, which is subject to extreme conditions. The selection of SS407 allowed for a cheaper reactor as compared to SS304 due to the higher tensile strength. The total ISBL equipment cost is 4.8 $MM in 2010 Gulf Coast USD. The NF cost index is 2250 in 2010 and will conservatively be 2050 in 2014 ~~[26]~~, which adjusts project cost to 5.33 $MM in 2014 Gulf Coast USD. The 2003 location factor for Brazil is 1.14 ~~[26]~~, and the exchange rate in 2003 was 1 Real = $.3402 ~~[27]~~. The average rate for the past 3 months has been 1 Real = $.427 ~~[28]~~. The adjusted capital cost for Brazil in 2014 is therefore 7.63 $MM. Since the project is large-volume chemical on a new site, OSBL is taken as 40% of ISBL, or 3.05 $MM. Engineering and contingency costs are taken as 10 and 15%, respectively, of combined ISBL and OSBL costs.		Figure 6 below shows the approximated costs of each of the pieces of equipment calculated using Aspen Economic Evaluator v7.3.1. The major components running through the equipment are not corrosive, except basic water. In addition most of the vessels are under fairly standard temperatures and pressures. The key exception is the jacketed reactor, which is subject to extreme conditions. The selection of SS407 allowed for a cheaper reactor as compared to SS304 due to the higher tensile strength. The total ISBL equipment cost is 4.8 $MM in 2010 Gulf Coast USD. The NF cost index is 2250 in 2010 and will conservatively be 2050 in 2014 (Towler and Sinnott, 2013), which adjusts project cost to 5.33 $MM in 2014 Gulf Coast USD. The 2003 location factor for Brazil is 1.14 (Towler and Sinnott, 2013), and the exchange rate in 2003 was 1 Real = $.3402 (Oanda.com). The average rate for the past 3 months has been 1 Real = $.427 (Bloomberg.com, a). The adjusted capital cost for Brazil in 2014 is therefore 7.63 $MM. Since the project is large-volume chemical on a new site, OSBL is taken as 40% of ISBL, or 3.05 $MM. Engineering and contingency costs are taken as 10 and 15%, respectively, of combined ISBL and OSBL costs.

Jian: /* Waste Streams */

2015-02-28T20:30:09Z

Waste Streams

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	=Waste Streams=		=Waste Streams=

	The water purge is a dilute aqueous waste stream and will be treated in a wastewater facility at a cost of $1.5/t. The hydrogen and glycerol purge can be used as heating fuels due to their high heating values. This will offset waste treatment costs as well as fuel costs. If the price of heating fuel is taken to be $4.50/GJ ~~[24]~~, this results in savings of $638.10/t H2 and $68/t Glycerol purge. The solid waste, Na2SO4, can be sold at around $100/t ~~[25]~~.		The water purge is a dilute aqueous waste stream and will be treated in a wastewater facility at a cost of $1.5/t. The hydrogen and glycerol purge can be used as heating fuels due to their high heating values. This will offset waste treatment costs as well as fuel costs. If the price of heating fuel is taken to be $4.50/GJ (Interview with Dave Wegerer), this results in savings of $638.10/t H2 and $68/t Glycerol purge. The solid waste, Na2SO4, can be sold at around $100/t (Kostick).

	=Equipment Costs=		=Equipment Costs=

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	=References=		=References=

	:Alibaba.com [Internet]. Hangzhou: Alibaba.com; c1999-2015 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=glycerol.		Alibaba.com [Internet]. Hangzhou: Alibaba.com; c1999-2015 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=glycerol.

	:Basf.com. Engelhard Industrial Bullion (EIB) Prices [Internet]. Ludwigshafen: BASF Corporation; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://apps.catalysts.basf.com/apps/eibprices/mp/.		Basf.com. Engelhard Industrial Bullion (EIB) Prices [Internet]. Ludwigshafen: BASF Corporation; c2015 [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://apps.catalysts.basf.com/apps/eibprices/mp/.

	:Bloom PD, inventor; Archer Daniels Midland Company, assignee. Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Products Produced Therefrom. United States patent WO2008051540 A2. 2011 Apr 19.		Bloom PD, inventor; Archer Daniels Midland Company, assignee. Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Products Produced Therefrom. United States patent WO2008051540 A2. 2011 Apr 19.

	:Bloomberg.com. BRAZIL REAL-US DOLLAR Exchange Rate [Internet]. New York: Bloomberg L.P.; c2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BRLUSD:CUR.		Bloomberg.com. BRAZIL REAL-US DOLLAR Exchange Rate [Internet]. New York: Bloomberg L.P.; c2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BRLUSD:CUR.

	:Bloomberg.com. Brazilian Power Price Surges to Record Amid Dry Spell [Internet]. New York: Bloomberg L.P.; c2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-31/brazilian-power-price-surges-to-record-amid-dry-spell.html.		Bloomberg.com. Brazilian Power Price Surges to Record Amid Dry Spell [Internet]. New York: Bloomberg L.P.; c2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-31/brazilian-power-price-surges-to-record-amid-dry-spell.html.

	:Bozell JJ, Petersen GR. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited. Green Chem. 2010 Apr;12:539-54.		Bozell JJ, Petersen GR. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited. Green Chem. 2010 Apr;12:539-54.

	:Bricker ML, Leonard LE, inventors; UOP LLC, assignee. Methods for Converting Glycerol to Propanol. United States patent 08101807 B2. 2012 Jul 24.		Bricker ML, Leonard LE, inventors; UOP LLC, assignee. Methods for Converting Glycerol to Propanol. United States patent 08101807 B2. 2012 Jul 24.

	:Cui F, Chen J, Xia C, Kang H, inventors; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, assignee. Method for Producing 1,2-Propylene Glycol using Bio-based Glycerol. United States patent 7586016 B2. 2009 Sep 8.		Cui F, Chen J, Xia C, Kang H, inventors; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, assignee. Method for Producing 1,2-Propylene Glycol using Bio-based Glycerol. United States patent 7586016 B2. 2009 Sep 8.

	:Davyprotech.com. Licensed Processes Propylene Glycol [Internet]. Johnson Matthey Davy Technologies Limited 2014 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.davyprotech.com/what-we-do/licensed-processes-and-core-technologies/licensed-processes/propylene-glycol/specification/.		Davyprotech.com. Licensed Processes Propylene Glycol [Internet]. Johnson Matthey Davy Technologies Limited 2014 [cited 2015 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.davyprotech.com/what-we-do/licensed-processes-and-core-technologies/licensed-processes/propylene-glycol/specification/.

	:Ding Z, Chiu J, Jin W, inventors; GTC Technology US LLC, assignee. Process for Converting Glycerin into Propylene Glycol. United States patent 08394999 B2. 2013 Mar 12.		Ding Z, Chiu J, Jin W, inventors; GTC Technology US LLC, assignee. Process for Converting Glycerin into Propylene Glycol. United States patent 08394999 B2. 2013 Mar 12.

	:Dow.com. Product Safety Assessment [Internet]. Midland: The Dow Chemical Company; c1995-2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_091a/0901b8038091a41a.pdf?filepath=productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00490.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.		Dow.com. Product Safety Assessment [Internet]. Midland: The Dow Chemical Company; c1995-2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_091a/0901b8038091a41a.pdf?filepath=productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00490.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc.

	:Dow.com. Products [Internet]. Midland: The Dow Chemical Company; c1995-2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.dow.com/propyleneglycol/products/.		Dow.com. Products [Internet]. Midland: The Dow Chemical Company; c1995-2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.dow.com/propyleneglycol/products/.

	:Icis.com. Oleochemicals: Oleon enters glycerin-based propylene glycol [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2012/07/16/9577645/oleochemicals-oleon-enters-glycerin-based-propylene-glycol/.		Icis.com. Oleochemicals: Oleon enters glycerin-based propylene glycol [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015a [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2012/07/16/9577645/oleochemicals-oleon-enters-glycerin-based-propylene-glycol/.

	:Icis.com. Chemical Profile Hydrogen [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2005/12/08/190713/chemical-profile-hydrogen/.		Icis.com. Chemical Profile Hydrogen [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015b [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2005/12/08/190713/chemical-profile-hydrogen/.

	:Icis.com. Caustic Soda Latin America [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015c [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/chemicals/caustic-soda/latin-america/?tab=tbc-tab2.		Icis.com. Caustic Soda Latin America [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015c [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/chemicals/caustic-soda/latin-america/?tab=tbc-tab2.

	:Icis.com. Indicative Chemical Prices [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015d [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/chemicals/channel-info-chemicals-a-z/.		Icis.com. Indicative Chemical Prices [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015d [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.icis.com/chemicals/channel-info-chemicals-a-z/.

	:Icis.com. Figure depreciation under MACRS [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015e [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.irs.gov/publications/p946/ch04.html.		Icis.com. Figure depreciation under MACRS [Internet]. Surrey: Reed Business Information Limited; c2015e [cited 2015 Feb 26]. Available from: http://www.irs.gov/publications/p946/ch04.html.

	:Interview with Dave Wegerer on February 25, 2014.		Interview with Dave Wegerer on February 25, 2014.

	:Interview with Dow Chemical on February 13, 2014.		Interview with Dow Chemical on February 13, 2014.

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