Utility systems - Revision history

Bts511: /* Outcomes */

2016-02-22T05:18:21Z

Outcomes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:18, 22 February 2016
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	You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]		You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]

	===Outcomes===		===Outcomes (Case Studies)===

	====United States Common Pollutant Emissions====		====United States Common Pollutant Emissions====

Bts511: /* Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison */

2016-02-22T05:17:48Z

Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:17, 22 February 2016
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	This demonstrates that USC has the best net generation efficiency, while also having the largest capacity for a single system.		This demonstrates that USC has the best net generation efficiency, while also having the largest capacity for a single system.

	[[File:Lifecycle2.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Lifecycle2.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Efficiency Calculation (Liang, 2013)]]

	This breaks down the energy efficiency of each system and demonstrates that USC is the most efficient		This breaks down the energy efficiency of each system and demonstrates that USC is the most efficient
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	IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.		IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.

	[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| ~~Environemntal~~ measures ~~and their explanations~~ (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Quantitative environemntal measures (Liang, 2013)]]

	This table breaks down the different measures of which systems are better		This table breaks down the different measures of which systems are better

	[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| ~~Environemntal~~ measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environmental measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

	And the table above defines all the relevant terms.		And the table above defines all the relevant terms.

Bts511: /* Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison */

2016-02-22T05:16:19Z

Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:16, 22 February 2016
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	This breaks down the energy efficiency of each system and demonstrates that USC is the most efficient		This breaks down the energy efficiency of each system and demonstrates that USC is the most efficient

	[[File:Lifecycle.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Lifecycle.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Various pollutant outputs (Liang, 2013)]]

	IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.		IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.

Bts511: /* More Information */

2016-02-22T05:14:19Z

More Information

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:14, 22 February 2016
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	For more information regarding some of these separations equipment see [[Solids-involved equipment]]		For more information regarding some of these separations equipment see [[Solids-involved equipment]]

	For more information Regarding Cyclones see [[Separation processes#Cyclones\| Cyclones]], and for modeling cyclones see their[[Solids-involved equipment#HYSYS Simulation\|HYSYS Simulation]]		For more information Regarding Cyclones see [[Separation processes#Cyclones\| Cyclones]], and for modeling cyclones see their[[Solids-involved equipment#HYSYS Simulation \|HYSYS Simulation]]

	You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]		You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]

Bts511: /* Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison */

2016-02-22T05:13:34Z

Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:13, 22 February 2016
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	This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.		This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.

		⚫	All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price. The IGCC while potentially the best on emissions is too much more expensive to use on a wide scale (Liang, 2013).
	And the table below defines all the relevant terms.

	[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]


⚫	All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price ~~and~~ the ~~lowest~~ on emissions ~~among~~ ~~the~~ ~~different~~ ~~boilers~~.

	=Solid Waste=		=Solid Waste=

Bts511: /* Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison */

2016-02-22T05:11:00Z

Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:11, 22 February 2016
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	[[File:Lifecycle.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Lifecycle.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| (Liang, 2013)]]

		⚫	IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.
⚫	This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.

		⚫	[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

			This table breaks down the different measures of which systems are better

			[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

			And the table above defines all the relevant terms.

	[[File:Price.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Capital cost in $/kW of clean coal power-generation technologies (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Price.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Capital cost in $/kW of clean coal power-generation technologies (Liang, 2013)]]

		⚫	This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.
⚫	~~Lastly~~ IGCC and USC are lowest on different element, but since these all have different global warming potential it is difficult to tell which is the most efficient.

	And the table below defines all the relevant terms.		And the table below defines all the relevant terms.
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	[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

⚫	[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

	All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price and the lowest on emissions among the different boilers.		All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price and the lowest on emissions among the different boilers.

Bts511: /* Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison */

2016-02-22T05:08:27Z

Technologies and Life Cycle Comparison

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:08, 22 February 2016
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	This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.		This demonstrates that the capital cost per unit of energy production is very high for IGCC, but shows that Super-C and USC are very competitive.


	[[File:Price.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Capital cost in $/kW of clean coal power-generation technologies (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:Price.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Capital cost in $/kW of clean coal power-generation technologies (Liang, 2013)]]
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	And the table below defines all the relevant terms.		And the table below defines all the relevant terms.

			[[File:Measures.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

	[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]		[[File:GWP.PNG\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Environemntal measures and their explanations (Liang, 2013)]]

Bts511: /* Methods */

2016-02-22T05:06:21Z

Methods

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:06, 22 February 2016
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	[[File:AirPolTable.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| This Chart Shows the Specifications and Limitations of Different Separations Technologies Including Particle Size, Efficiencies, and Temperatures(Peters, 1991)]]		[[File:AirPolTable.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| This Chart Shows the Specifications and Limitations of Different Separations Technologies Including Particle Size, Efficiencies, and Temperatures(Peters, 1991)]]

		⚫	Methods for removing inorganic and organic gaseous pollutants include: absorption, adsorption, condensation, and combustion (Seider 2009 pg 609). A list of typical of gases pollutants and their sources from ''Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers'' is shown below (Peters, 1991).

		⚫	[[File:GaseousPollutants.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Common Gaseous Pollutants and their Sources]]

		⚫	Typically Gas-liquid absorption processes are done completed in a vertical, countercurrent, flow through packed, plate, or spray towers. These systems require good liquid-gas contact and proper equipment. These systems also often have significant energy consumption because of large pressure drops (Peters, 2003). For high volume systems absorption by scrubbing with water or another solvent is the most widely used method (Towler, 2012). Dry adsorbents can be used to remove the last races of gaseous pollutants. Adsorption typically requires blowers, condensers, separators, and controls. You also typically need two packed beds so that one can be used while the other is regenerated. Examples of adsorbents are molecular sieves and activated carbon. Incineration is typically used when there are gas streams that have no recovery value. This can be done with direct flame or catalytic oxidation. Catalytic oxidation usually has higher capital costs, but lower operating costs because it does not require fuel.
	===Wet Scrubbers===		===Wet Scrubbers===
	Wet scrubber use lime or limestone and water to remove SO<sub>2</sub> and acid gases. The mixture can be injected into a scrubber or the gases can be bubbled through this mixture. This results in removal of 90-98% of SO<sub>2</sub> and and acid gases (Clean Coal Technologies).		Wet scrubber use lime or limestone and water to remove SO<sub>2</sub> and acid gases. The mixture can be injected into a scrubber or the gases can be bubbled through this mixture. This results in removal of 90-98% of SO<sub>2</sub> and and acid gases (Clean Coal Technologies).
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	For more information Regarding Cyclones see [[Separation processes#Cyclones\| Cyclones]], and for modeling cyclones see their[[Solids-involved equipment#HYSYS Simulation\|HYSYS Simulation]]		For more information Regarding Cyclones see [[Separation processes#Cyclones\| Cyclones]], and for modeling cyclones see their[[Solids-involved equipment#HYSYS Simulation\|HYSYS Simulation]]

⚫	Methods for removing inorganic and organic gaseous pollutants include: absorption, adsorption, condensation, and combustion (Seider 2009 pg 609). A list of typical of gases pollutants and their sources from ''Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers'' is shown below (Peters, 1991).

⚫	[[File:GaseousPollutants.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| Common Gaseous Pollutants and their Sources]]

⚫	Typically Gas-liquid absorption processes are done completed in a vertical, countercurrent, flow through packed, plate, or spray towers. These systems require good liquid-gas contact and proper equipment. These systems also often have significant energy consumption because of large pressure drops (Peters, 2003). For high volume systems absorption by scrubbing with water or another solvent is the most widely used method (Towler, 2012). Dry adsorbents can be used to remove the last races of gaseous pollutants. Adsorption typically requires blowers, condensers, separators, and controls. You also typically need two packed beds so that one can be used while the other is regenerated. Examples of adsorbents are molecular sieves and activated carbon. Incineration is typically used when there are gas streams that have no recovery value. This can be done with direct flame or catalytic oxidation. Catalytic oxidation usually has higher capital costs, but lower operating costs because it does not require fuel.

	You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]		You can find more information on [[Separation processes#Absorption\| Absorption]] and [[Separation processes#Adsorption\| Adsorption]] in [[Separation processes]]

Bts511: /* Solid Waste */

2016-02-22T05:02:02Z

Solid Waste

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:02, 22 February 2016
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	All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price and the lowest on emissions among the different boilers.		All of the data suggests that USC is the highest in both energy efficiency and net generating efficiency while competitive in price and the lowest on emissions among the different boilers.

	==Solid Waste==		=Solid Waste=
	U.S. federal regulations require that solid waste be classified as hazardous or nonhazardous. Conditions for a classification of hazardous include: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity, or posing a substantial threat to the surrounding environment and its inhabitants. Hazardous waste must be treated on- or near-site before being removed in containers. Non-hazardous waste may be landfilled or incinerated in some cases. A typical estimate of costs for waste disposal is $0.03/lb for nonhazardous solids and $0.10/lb for hazardous solids. (Seider 2009 pg 609)		U.S. federal regulations require that solid waste be classified as hazardous or nonhazardous. Conditions for a classification of hazardous include: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity, or posing a substantial threat to the surrounding environment and its inhabitants. Hazardous waste must be treated on- or near-site before being removed in containers. Non-hazardous waste may be landfilled or incinerated in some cases. A typical estimate of costs for waste disposal is $0.03/lb for nonhazardous solids and $0.10/lb for hazardous solids. (Seider 2009 pg 609)

Bts511: /* Wet Scrubbers */

2016-02-22T05:01:24Z

Wet Scrubbers

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:01, 22 February 2016
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	[[File:AirPolTable.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| This Chart Shows the Specifications and Limitations of Different Separations Technologies Including Particle Size, Efficiencies, and Temperatures(Peters, 1991)]]		[[File:AirPolTable.png\|thumb\|border\|center\|middle\|upright=4\|link=\|atl=\| This Chart Shows the Specifications and Limitations of Different Separations Technologies Including Particle Size, Efficiencies, and Temperatures(Peters, 1991)]]

	==Wet Scrubbers==		===Wet Scrubbers===
	Wet scrubber use lime or limestone and water to remove SO<sub>2</sub> and acid gases. The mixture can be injected into a scrubber or the gases can be bubbled through this mixture. This results in removal of 90-98% of SO<sub>2</sub> and and acid gases (Clean Coal Technologies).		Wet scrubber use lime or limestone and water to remove SO<sub>2</sub> and acid gases. The mixture can be injected into a scrubber or the gases can be bubbled through this mixture. This results in removal of 90-98% of SO<sub>2</sub> and and acid gases (Clean Coal Technologies).

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	Electrostatic Precicpitators remove particulate matter as gas passes through a device that has charged metal plates. The particles are then removed because of static electricity. These systems can remove between 99-99.9% of particulate matter (Clean Coal Technologies).		Electrostatic Precicpitators remove particulate matter as gas passes through a device that has charged metal plates. The particles are then removed because of static electricity. These systems can remove between 99-99.9% of particulate matter (Clean Coal Technologies).

	====Super-critical Boilers====		===Super-critical Boilers===
	Super-Critical Boilers and Ultra-Supercritical Boilers operate at temperature and pressure higher than regular boilers. By operating at higher temperature these systems become more efficient. Super Critical Boilers typically have 10%-20% CO<sub>2</sub> emissions than other similar sub-critical technologies. Ultra-Supercritical boilers can be as much as 30% more efficent than sub-critical technologies (Clean Coal Technologies).		Super-Critical Boilers and Ultra-Supercritical Boilers operate at temperature and pressure higher than regular boilers. By operating at higher temperature these systems become more efficient. Super Critical Boilers typically have 10%-20% CO<sub>2</sub> emissions than other similar sub-critical technologies. Ultra-Supercritical boilers can be as much as 30% more efficent than sub-critical technologies (Clean Coal Technologies).