https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&feed=atom&action=history
Process hazards - Revision history
2024-03-29T10:56:03Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2954&oldid=prev
Jian: /* References */
2015-03-02T04:16:50Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Dugdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. New York: Wiley; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dugdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. New York: Wiley; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley; 2004.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2013.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaewitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall; 2012.</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2416&oldid=prev
Jian: /* References */
2015-02-26T20:21:00Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:21, 26 February 2015</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Biegler LT, Grossmann IE, Westerberg AW. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1997. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_3_1_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_1_1_lhs"></a>:Dugdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. New York: Wiley; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Cole JL. Chemical Engineering 351 Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [Lecture Slides]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013.</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_1_1_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_3_1_rhs"></a>:Dugdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. New York: Wiley; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2003.</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2414&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Noise */
2015-02-26T20:18:19Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Noise</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>where <math> P_S </math> is the root mean squared sound pressure and the result (SL) is a sound level in dB. It is advised to wear ear protection in areas over 80 dB, as permanent damage can be caused by noise over 85 dB <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[1]</del>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>where <math> P_S </math> is the root mean squared sound pressure and the result (SL) is a sound level in dB. It is advised to wear ear protection in areas over 80 dB, as permanent damage can be caused by noise over 85 dB <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Towler and Sinnott, 2013)</ins>.</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2413&oldid=prev
Jian: /* References */
2015-02-26T20:16:52Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_2_0_lhs"></a><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del> G<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.P. Towler</del>, R<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Sinnott</del>. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. Elsevier<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012</del>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Biegler</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LT</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grossmann</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">IE</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Westerberg</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AW</ins>. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design. Upper Saddle River<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: Prentice Hall;</ins> 1997.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_0_lhs"></a><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M.S. Peters</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K.D.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Timmerhaus</del>. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del> 5th <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ed</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">McGraw-Hill</del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">York,</del> 2003.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_6_0_lhs"></a><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L.T. Biegler</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">I.E.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Grossmann</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A.W.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Westerberg</del>. Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Prentice-Hall:</del> Upper Saddle River<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del> 1997.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_10_0_lhs"></a><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del> R<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.T.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Turton</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R.C.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bailie</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">W.B.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Whiting</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J.A.</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Shaeiwitz</del>. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prentice</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hall:</del> Upper Saddle River<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2003</del>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">#</del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Northwestern University</del>. Chemical Engineering 351 Lecture Slides.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Cole</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JL</ins>. Chemical Engineering 351 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Process Economics, Design, and Evaluation [</ins>Lecture Slides<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2013</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_12_1_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Peters</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Timmerhaus</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">KD</ins>. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins> 5th <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ed</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New York</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">McGraw</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hill;</ins> 2003.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_12_3_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Seider</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">WD</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Seader</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JD</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lewin</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">DR</ins>. Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3rd ed.</ins> New York<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: Wiley;</ins> 2004.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_12_5_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Towler</ins> G,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Sinnott</ins> R. Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> 2nd ed. Boston:</ins> Elsevier<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">;</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_12_7_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:Turton</ins> R<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bailie RC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Whiting</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">WB</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Shaewitz</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bhattacharyya</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">D</ins>. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4th</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ed.</ins> Upper Saddle River<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: Prentice-Hall;</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012</ins>.</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2412&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) */
2015-02-26T20:16:14Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)</span></span></p>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Hazards 3.PNG|center|500px<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|frame|Figure 3. Example FTA for Pressure Vessel (Cole, 2013).</ins>]]</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2411&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) */
2015-02-26T20:07:22Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)==</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)==</div></td>
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<tr>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A HAZOP is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risk to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2]</del>. HAZOP analysis is required by the following government regulations:</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A HAZOP is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risk to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003)</ins>. HAZOP analysis is required by the following government regulations:</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* USA OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 [Process Safety Management Standard]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* USA OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 [Process Safety Management Standard]</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* USA EPA 40 CFR 68 [Risk Management Program]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* USA EPA 40 CFR 68 [Risk Management Program]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Regulations under the European Seveso Directive</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Regulations under the European Seveso Directive</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Hazards 2.PNG|center|300px]]</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Hazards 2.PNG|center|300px<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|frame|Figure 2. Flowsheet depicting general guidelines for how to do a HAZOP.</ins>]]</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 2: Flowsheet depicting general guidelines for how to do a HAZOP.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)==</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)==</div></td>
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</table>
Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2410&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Exposure Evaluation */
2015-02-26T20:06:25Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Exposure Evaluation</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:06, 26 February 2015</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Process Hazard Analysis Tools=</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Process Hazard Analysis Tools=</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Exposure Evaluation==</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Exposure Evaluation==</div></td>
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<tr>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At each stage of the process, every chemical, intermediate, and catalyst must be inventoried and analyzed. Risk can then be prioritized through a combination of chemical toxicity and exposure source (valve, pump, etc.). Exposure is highly variable, and should be measure over relatively large time period, longer than chemicals with long half-life. Finally, compliance with OSHA requires designer to make calculations of concentrations and exposure time of plant personnel during normal operation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2]</del>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At each stage of the process, every chemical, intermediate, and catalyst must be inventoried and analyzed. Risk can then be prioritized through a combination of chemical toxicity and exposure source (valve, pump, etc.). Exposure is highly variable, and should be measure over relatively large time period, longer than chemicals with long half-life. Finally, compliance with OSHA requires designer to make calculations of concentrations and exposure time of plant personnel during normal operation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003)</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==MSDS==</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==MSDS==</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2409&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Loss of Containment */
2015-02-26T20:05:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Loss of Containment</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:05, 26 February 2015</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Loss of containment can occur due to pressure relief, operator error, poor maintenance procedures, such as failure to drain and purge properly, or leaks from degraded equipment.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Loss of containment can occur due to pressure relief, operator error, poor maintenance procedures, such as failure to drain and purge properly, or leaks from degraded equipment.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Containment is one of the six principles of “Inherently Safe Design,” laid out in the wiki page for [[Process safety]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[5]</del>. If hazardous materials cannot be eliminated, they should at least be stored in vessels with mechanical integrity beyond any reasonably expected temperature or pressure excursion. This is an old but effective strategy to avoid leaks. However, it is not as inherently safe as substitution, intensification, or attenuation.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Containment is one of the six principles of “Inherently Safe Design,” laid out in the wiki page for [[Process safety]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Turton et al., 2003)</ins>. If hazardous materials cannot be eliminated, they should at least be stored in vessels with mechanical integrity beyond any reasonably expected temperature or pressure excursion. This is an old but effective strategy to avoid leaks. However, it is not as inherently safe as substitution, intensification, or attenuation.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Noise===</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Noise===</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2408&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Fires and Explosions */
2015-02-26T20:04:24Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Fires and Explosions</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:04, 26 February 2015</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fires and Explosions===</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fires and Explosions===</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chemical plant fires can quickly damage control systems and equipment, causing overpressure, loss of containment, and explosions. In addition to protecting expensive equipment, the safety and lives of workers, local residents, and the environment are put at risk if a fire starts. It is important to follow fire protection guidelines (NFPA 30, API RP 2001, API Publ 2218) and legal requirements set by OSHA (29 CFR 1910 L) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[1]</del>. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chemical plant fires can quickly damage control systems and equipment, causing overpressure, loss of containment, and explosions. In addition to protecting expensive equipment, the safety and lives of workers, local residents, and the environment are put at risk if a fire starts. It is important to follow fire protection guidelines (NFPA 30, API RP 2001, API Publ 2218) and legal requirements set by OSHA (29 CFR 1910 L) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Towler and Sinnott, 2013)</ins>. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<tr>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned in the “Flammability” section, the use of electrical equipment in chemical plants can ignite a fire. Electrical equipment use is regulated by law through OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.307 and industry design codes, National Electrical Code NFPA 70 and NFPA standards 496,497, API RP 500, 505 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[1]</del>. These codes define equipment and installation regulations, and specific precautions that must be taken in risky areas.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned in the “Flammability” section, the use of electrical equipment in chemical plants can ignite a fire. Electrical equipment use is regulated by law through OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.307 and industry design codes, National Electrical Code NFPA 70 and NFPA standards 496,497, API RP 500, 505 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Towler and Sinnott, 2013)</ins>. These codes define equipment and installation regulations, and specific precautions that must be taken in risky areas.</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An explosion is a worst-case result of a fire, defined as the sudden, catastrophic release of energy causing a pressure wave. The following are explosion related definitions:</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An explosion is a worst-case result of a fire, defined as the sudden, catastrophic release of energy causing a pressure wave. The following are explosion related definitions:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><math> E = \frac{\rho_R} {\rho_P} </math></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>where <math> \rho_R </math> is the molar density of the reagents and <math> \rho_P </math> is the molar density of the products, and the maximum value of E is for adiabatic combustion <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[1]</del>. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>where <math> \rho_R </math> is the molar density of the reagents and <math> \rho_P </math> is the molar density of the products, and the maximum value of E is for adiabatic combustion <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Towler and Sinnott, 2013)</ins>. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Flame speed- the rate of propagation of a flame front through a flammable mixture, with respect to a fixed observer</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Flame speed- the rate of propagation of a flame front through a flammable mixture, with respect to a fixed observer</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Explosivity properties can be found in textbooks such as An Introduction to Fire Dynamics by<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> D.</del> Dugdale, as shown below.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Explosivity properties can be found in textbooks such as An Introduction to Fire Dynamics by Dugdale<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (1985)</ins>, as shown below.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Hazards 1.PNG|center|800px]]</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Hazards 1.PNG|center|800px<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|frame|Figure 1. Explosivity Properties (Dugdale, 1985).</ins>]]</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 1: Explosivity Properties. Dugdale, D. ''An Introduction to Fire Dynamics''. Wiley, New York: 1985.</div></td>
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Jian
https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Process_hazards&diff=2407&oldid=prev
Jian: /* Flammability */
2015-02-26T19:58:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Flammability</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:58, 26 February 2015</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Flammability===</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Flammability is the measurement of how easily a material will burn or ignite, resulting in a fire or combustion. A fire requires three things: fuel, oxidant, and source of ignition (or auto-ignition). Possible sources of ignition at a chemical facility should be assessed and eliminated; this include electrical equipment such as motors or actuators, open flames from furnaces, incinerators or flare stacks, and undefined sources such as matches, lighter or mobile phones <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[3]</del>. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Flammability is the measurement of how easily a material will burn or ignite, resulting in a fire or combustion. A fire requires three things: fuel, oxidant, and source of ignition (or auto-ignition). Possible sources of ignition at a chemical facility should be assessed and eliminated; this include electrical equipment such as motors or actuators, open flames from furnaces, incinerators or flare stacks, and undefined sources such as matches, lighter or mobile phones <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Biegler et al., 1997)</ins>. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Important flammability related properties must be measured:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Important flammability related properties must be measured:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Auto-ignition temperature- temperature at which the substance ignites in air spontaneously</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* MSDS information</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Flammability limits- highest and lowest concentrations in air (NTP) at which a flame will propagate through the mixture <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2]</del> </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Flammability limits- highest and lowest concentrations in air (NTP) at which a flame will propagate through the mixture <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003)</ins> </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** LFL (lower flammable limit): mixture of fuel and air below this is too lean</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** LFL (lower flammable limit): mixture of fuel and air below this is too lean</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>** UFL (Upper flammable limit): mixture of fuel and air below this will not burn</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The LFL and UFL of mixtures can be calculated using Le Chatelier’s Equation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[4]</del>:</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The LFL and UFL of mixtures can be calculated using Le Chatelier’s Equation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Seider et al., 2004)</ins>:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><math> FL_m = \frac {1} {\sum_{i=1}^C (y_i/FL_i)} </math></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><math> FL_m = \frac {1} {\sum_{i=1}^C (y_i/FL_i)} </math></div></td>
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Jian