https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&feed=atom&action=historySite condition and design - Revision history2024-03-28T16:14:49ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.2https://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4749&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Humidity */2016-02-22T02:09:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Humidity</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A psychrometric diagram, such as the one in Figure 3, can explain the correlation between dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and relative humidity (NSF). Dry-bulb temperature is simply the ambient air temperature and is unaffected by the moisture content of the air; dry-bulb temperature is measured by a standard thermometer (NSF). Wet-bulb temperature is the saturation temperature of air, and it is the lowest temperature at which water can evaporate into the air; this is measured using a thermometer with a moist cloth wrapped around the bulb (Padfield). Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in air, and is calculated as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water (Padfield). Figure 3 suggests strong correlations between air temperature moisture content in the air, measured as relative humidity. For example, at constant dry-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity increases as the wet-bulb temperature increases. Likewise, at constant wet-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases as the dry-bulb temperature increases. In selecting the location of a chemical processing facility, especially for facilities where there is little control over the ambient temperature, it is important to understand that small changes in temperature can have exponential consequences on the moisture content/ relative humidity of the air; these temperature and humidity changes can affect both processing equipment and the materials being processed.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A psychrometric diagram, such as the one in Figure 3, can explain the correlation between dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and relative humidity (NSF). Dry-bulb temperature is simply the ambient air temperature and is unaffected by the moisture content of the air; dry-bulb temperature is measured by a standard thermometer (NSF). Wet-bulb temperature is the saturation temperature of air, and it is the lowest temperature at which water can evaporate into the air; this is measured using a thermometer with a moist cloth wrapped around the bulb (Padfield). Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in air, and is calculated as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water (Padfield). Figure 3 suggests strong correlations between air temperature moisture content in the air, measured as relative humidity. For example, at constant dry-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity increases as the wet-bulb temperature increases. Likewise, at constant wet-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases as the dry-bulb temperature increases. In selecting the location of a chemical processing facility, especially for facilities where there is little control over the ambient temperature, it is important to understand that small changes in temperature can have exponential consequences on the moisture content/ relative humidity of the air; these temperature and humidity changes can affect both processing equipment and the materials being processed.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RH Graph.jpg|frame|center|border|<div align=center> Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>: Relative Humidity as a Function of Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures <div>]]</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4747&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Weather Example */2016-02-22T02:08:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Weather Example</span></span></p>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A variety of case studies have looked at weather effects on chemical processing. One such case explored the effects of temperature and humidity on phenol-formaldehyde resin bonding (Wang 253). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PF</del> resin is a thermosetting adhesive that polymerizes and reacts with wood as part of the curing process in wood composite manufacturing. The strength of the resin bond is thought to be influenced by a variety of factors related to processing environment, including temperature and humidity. Figure 4 depicts the results from a study that compared the bond strength as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and bonding time (Wang 258-259). </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A variety of case studies have looked at weather effects on chemical processing. One such case explored the effects of temperature and humidity on phenol-formaldehyde resin bonding (Wang 253). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phenol-formaldehyde</ins> resin is a thermosetting adhesive that polymerizes and reacts with wood as part of the curing process in wood composite manufacturing. The strength of the resin bond is thought to be influenced by a variety of factors related to processing environment, including temperature and humidity. Figure 4 depicts the results from a study that compared the bond strength as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and bonding time (Wang 258-259). </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_5_1_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_2_1_rhs"></a>[[File:RH & Temp Effects.jpg|frame|center|border|<div align=center> Figure 4: Effects of Humidity, Temperature, and Bonding Time on Bond Strength <div>]]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the results suggest, drastically different resin strength profiles are expected depending on relative humidity. Considering just the samples that were bonded at 110 ºC, the resins that were cured at 41% relative humidity overall cured stronger than their counterparts that were cured at the same time but at higher relative humidities. An interesting feature that is prevalent in the 110 ºC bonding samples is that processing conditions at higher relative humidities is not always indicative of a depreciated bond strength. As the graph suggests between the 75% and 90% relative humidity samples, when bonded for less than 10 minutes, the 90% relative humidity samples actually are stronger than the 75% samples. However, after about 10 minutes the trend exists such that samples cured at higher relative humidities overall bond more weakly. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the results suggest, drastically different resin strength profiles are expected depending on relative humidity. Considering just the samples that were bonded at 110 ºC, the resins that were cured at 41% relative humidity overall cured stronger than their counterparts that were cured at the same time but at higher relative humidities. An interesting feature that is prevalent in the 110 ºC bonding samples is that processing conditions at higher relative humidities is not always indicative of a depreciated bond strength. As the graph suggests between the 75% and 90% relative humidity samples, when bonded for less than 10 minutes, the 90% relative humidity samples actually are stronger than the 75% samples. However, after about 10 minutes the trend exists such that samples cured at higher relative humidities overall bond more weakly. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also appear to be striking differences between the 110 ºC and 120 ºC samples. In fact, it appears that less bonding time is required for the 120 ºC as is the time required to get comparable strengths for the 110 ºC samples. Also, at higher processing temperature of 120 ºC, it is evident that the samples at 75% relative humidity now can have comparable bond strengths as the samples at 41% relative humidity. Additionally, the samples at the 90% relative humidity also have somewhat higher binding strengths for the 120 ºC bonding temperatures compared to the 110 ºC bonding temperatures.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also appear to be striking differences between the 110 ºC and 120 ºC samples. In fact, it appears that less bonding time is required for the 120 ºC as is the time required to get comparable strengths for the 110 ºC samples. Also, at higher processing temperature of 120 ºC, it is evident that the samples at 75% relative humidity now can have comparable bond strengths as the samples at 41% relative humidity. Additionally, the samples at the 90% relative humidity also have somewhat higher binding strengths for the 120 ºC bonding temperatures compared to the 110 ºC bonding temperatures.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, this study indicates the appreciable differences that can exist in the product quality based on humidity and temperature effects. Thus, depending on the desired product qualities (bond strength in this<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> PF</del> resin study), humidity and temperature are critical metrics in defining the process environment. This <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PF</del> resin study is particularly useful in demonstrating the effects of ambient relative humidity on the mechanical strength of the product, and relative humidity is definitely a parameter that could fluctuate depending on the weather patterns of the processing environment. Additionally, 10 ºC (the difference between bonding at 110 ºC and 120 ºC) is well within the monthly and seasonal temperature fluctuations of different locations; whether or not the weather could be attributed to such processing differences at these high temperatures is a possibility.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, this study indicates the appreciable differences that can exist in the product quality based on humidity and temperature effects. Thus, depending on the desired product qualities (bond strength in this resin study), humidity and temperature are critical metrics in defining the process environment. This <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phenol-formaldehyde</ins> resin study is particularly useful in demonstrating the effects of ambient relative humidity on the mechanical strength of the product, and relative humidity is definitely a parameter that could fluctuate depending on the weather patterns of the processing environment. Additionally, 10 ºC (the difference between bonding at 110 ºC and 120 ºC) is well within the monthly and seasonal temperature fluctuations of different locations; whether or not the weather could be attributed to such processing differences at these high temperatures is a possibility.</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4743&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Humidity */2016-02-22T02:06:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Humidity</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Powders are also very susceptible to hygroscopic effects. Many food products, such as baked goods, use powder ingredients that are sensitive to moisture effects; moisture content of packaged foods is critical to shelf life and preventing the growth of bacteria. Outside of food applications, powders are also used in making glass, composites, ceramics, and pharmacological drugs. In their processing, it is critical to prevent caking by limiting the moisture uptake. This can impact the rheology (flow behavior) of the materials, which ultimately will have implications on the quality and purity of the final product. By contrast, some materials, such as cotton, linen, jute, and hemp, need to spun and woven in humid environments. Examples of hygroscopic materials include: glucose, flour, starch, glycerin, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride (Booth 157).</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Powders are also very susceptible to hygroscopic effects. Many food products, such as baked goods, use powder ingredients that are sensitive to moisture effects; moisture content of packaged foods is critical to shelf life and preventing the growth of bacteria. Outside of food applications, powders are also used in making glass, composites, ceramics, and pharmacological drugs. In their processing, it is critical to prevent caking by limiting the moisture uptake. This can impact the rheology (flow behavior) of the materials, which ultimately will have implications on the quality and purity of the final product. By contrast, some materials, such as cotton, linen, jute, and hemp, need to spun and woven in humid environments. Examples of hygroscopic materials include: glucose, flour, starch, glycerin, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride (Booth 157).</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A psychrometric diagram, such as the one in Figure 3, can explain the correlation between dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and relative humidity (NSF). Dry-bulb temperature is simply the ambient air temperature and is unaffected by the moisture content of the air; dry-bulb temperature is measured by a standard thermometer (NSF). Wet-bulb temperature is the saturation temperature of air, and it is the lowest temperature at which water can evaporate into the air; this is measured using a thermometer with a moist cloth wrapped around the bulb (Padfield). Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in air, and is calculated as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water (Padfield). Figure 3 suggests strong correlations between air temperature moisture content in the air, measured as relative humidity. For example, at constant dry-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity increases as the wet-bulb temperature increases. Likewise, at constant wet-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases as the dry-bulb temperature increases. In selecting the location of a chemical processing facility, especially for facilities where there is little control over the ambient temperature, it is important to understand that small changes in temperature can have exponential consequences on the moisture content/ relative humidity of the air; these temperature and humidity changes can affect both processing equipment and the materials being processed.</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4742&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Weather Example */2016-02-22T02:05:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Weather Example</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===== Weather Example =====</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A variety of case studies have looked at weather effects on chemical processing. One such case explored the effects of temperature and humidity on phenol-formaldehyde<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (PF)</del> resin bonding (Wang 253). PF resin is a thermosetting adhesive that polymerizes and reacts with wood as part of the curing process in wood composite manufacturing. The strength of the resin bond is thought to be influenced by a variety of factors related to processing environment, including temperature and humidity.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del> Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</del> depicts the results from a study that compared the bond strength as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and bonding time (Wang 258-259). </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A variety of case studies have looked at weather effects on chemical processing. One such case explored the effects of temperature and humidity on phenol-formaldehyde resin bonding (Wang 253). PF resin is a thermosetting adhesive that polymerizes and reacts with wood as part of the curing process in wood composite manufacturing. The strength of the resin bond is thought to be influenced by a variety of factors related to processing environment, including temperature and humidity. Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins> depicts the results from a study that compared the bond strength as a function of temperature, relative humidity, and bonding time (Wang 258-259). </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the results suggest, drastically different resin strength profiles are expected depending on relative humidity. Considering just the samples that were bonded at 110 ºC, the resins that were cured at 41% relative humidity overall cured stronger than their counterparts that were cured at the same time but at higher relative humidities. An interesting feature that is prevalent in the 110 ºC bonding samples is that processing conditions at higher relative humidities is not always indicative of a depreciated bond strength. As the graph suggests between the 75% and 90% relative humidity samples, when bonded for less than 10 minutes, the 90% relative humidity samples actually are stronger than the 75% samples. However, after about 10 minutes the trend exists such that samples cured at higher relative humidities overall bond more weakly. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the results suggest, drastically different resin strength profiles are expected depending on relative humidity. Considering just the samples that were bonded at 110 ºC, the resins that were cured at 41% relative humidity overall cured stronger than their counterparts that were cured at the same time but at higher relative humidities. An interesting feature that is prevalent in the 110 ºC bonding samples is that processing conditions at higher relative humidities is not always indicative of a depreciated bond strength. As the graph suggests between the 75% and 90% relative humidity samples, when bonded for less than 10 minutes, the 90% relative humidity samples actually are stronger than the 75% samples. However, after about 10 minutes the trend exists such that samples cured at higher relative humidities overall bond more weakly. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, this study indicates the appreciable differences that can exist in the product quality based on humidity and temperature effects. Thus, depending on the desired product qualities (bond strength in this PF resin study), humidity and temperature are critical metrics in defining the process environment. This PF resin study is particularly useful in demonstrating the effects of ambient relative humidity on the mechanical strength of the product, and relative humidity is definitely a parameter that could fluctuate depending on the weather patterns of the processing environment. Additionally, 10 ºC (the difference between bonding at 110 ºC and 120 ºC) is well within the monthly and seasonal temperature fluctuations of different locations; whether or not the weather could be attributed to such processing differences at these high temperatures is a possibility.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, this study indicates the appreciable differences that can exist in the product quality based on humidity and temperature effects. Thus, depending on the desired product qualities (bond strength in this PF resin study), humidity and temperature are critical metrics in defining the process environment. This PF resin study is particularly useful in demonstrating the effects of ambient relative humidity on the mechanical strength of the product, and relative humidity is definitely a parameter that could fluctuate depending on the weather patterns of the processing environment. Additionally, 10 ºC (the difference between bonding at 110 ºC and 120 ºC) is well within the monthly and seasonal temperature fluctuations of different locations; whether or not the weather could be attributed to such processing differences at these high temperatures is a possibility.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RH & Temp Effects.jpg|frame|center|border|<div align=center> Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</del>: Effects of Humidity, Temperature, and Bonding Time on Bond Strength <div>]]</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4739&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* References */2016-02-22T02:01:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mecklenburgh JC. Process plant layout. New York: Halsted Press; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Padfield, Tim. "Glossary of the Microclimate Variables and Units Used in Conservation Physics." Conservation Physics. National Museum of Denmark, 14 June 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. <http://www.conservationphysics.org/cpw/Storage/Fundamentals>. </div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4672&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* References */2016-02-22T00:26:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wang, Xiang-Ming, Bernard Riedl, Alfred Christiansen, and W. Geimer. "The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Phenol-formaldehyde Resin Bonding." Wood Science and Technology 29.4 (1995): 253-66. Web.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"World Weather & Climate Information." Weather and Climate: Chicago, United States of America. World Weather and Climate Information, 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Chicago,United-States-of-America>.</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4671&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* References */2016-02-22T00:26:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mecklenburgh JC. Process plant layout. New York: Halsted Press; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mecklenburgh JC. Process plant layout. New York: Halsted Press; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Padfield, Tim. "Glossary of the Microclimate Variables and Units Used in Conservation Physics." Conservation Physics. National Museum of Denmark, 14 June 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. <http://www.conservationphysics.org/cpw/Storage/Fundamentals>. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Padfield, Tim. "Glossary of the Microclimate Variables and Units Used in Conservation Physics." Conservation Physics. National Museum of Denmark, 14 June 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. <http://www.conservationphysics.org/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>cpw/Storage/Fundamentals>. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD, West RE. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD, West RE. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wang, Xiang-Ming, Bernard Riedl, Alfred Christiansen, and W. Geimer. "The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Phenol-formaldehyde Resin Bonding." Wood Science and Technology 29.4 (1995): 253-66. Web.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"World Weather & Climate Information." Weather and Climate: Chicago, United States of America. World Weather and Climate Information, 2015. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. <https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Chicago,United-States-of-America>.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== External links==</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4669&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* References */2016-02-22T00:25:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mecklenburgh JC. Process plant layout. New York: Halsted Press; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mecklenburgh JC. Process plant layout. New York: Halsted Press; 1985.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD, West RE. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD, West RE. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4549&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Introduction */2016-02-21T19:30:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Map of ChE.png|frame|center|border|<div align=center> Figure 1: Employment of Chemical Engineers by Area as of May 2012 <div>]]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Above is shown the occupational employment density of chemical engineers separated county. It is noticeable that the coastal areas of the United States are most attractive for chemical process industries due, no doubt, to the easy access to water transportation routes, which are cheaper and faster than land transportation. Building a process plant in any of the “240-3,740” density shaded regions would capture the additional benefit of having the process plant built in an area where supporting industries already thrive, therefore making repairs and operational costs as a whole as low as possible as determined by location. The states of greatest chemical process plant density are California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and the majority of the east coast states. The local corporate tax rates of these locations are highly dependent on income bracket as per the information found at http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/corp_inc.pdf</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Above is shown the occupational employment density of chemical engineers separated county. It is noticeable that the coastal areas of the United States are most attractive for chemical process industries due, no doubt, to the easy access to water transportation routes, which are cheaper and faster than land transportation. Building a process plant in any of the “240-3,740” density shaded regions would capture the additional benefit of having the process plant built in an area where supporting industries already thrive, therefore making repairs and operational costs as a whole as low as possible as determined by location. The states of greatest chemical process plant density are California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and the majority of the east coast states. The local corporate tax rates of these locations are highly dependent on income bracket as per the information found at http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/corp_inc.pdf</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtorhttps://processdesign.mccormick.northwestern.edu/index.php?title=Site_condition_and_design&diff=4548&oldid=prevSheridanLichtor: /* Introduction */2016-02-21T19:29:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Suitable locations for chemical plants often have several plants in close proximity. The existence of these locations is often beneficial as there are often living infrastructure nearby to support the labor. Figure 1 shows the distribution of labor across the US and implicitly the common locations of many chemical plants.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Map of ChE.png|frame|center|border|Figure 1: Employment of Chemical Engineers by Area as of May 2012]]</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Map of ChE.png|frame|center|border|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div align=center> </ins>Figure 1: Employment of Chemical Engineers by Area as of May 2012<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> <div></ins>]]</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Above is shown the occupational employment density of chemical engineers separated county. It is noticeable that the coastal areas of the United States are most attractive for chemical process industries due, no doubt, to the easy access to water transportation routes, which are cheaper and faster than land transportation. Building a process plant in any of the “240-3,740” density shaded regions would capture the additional benefit of having the process plant built in an area where supporting industries already thrive, therefore making repairs and operational costs as a whole as low as possible as determined by location. The states of greatest chemical process plant density are California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and the majority of the east coast states. The local corporate tax rates of these locations are highly dependent on income bracket as per the information found at http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/corp_inc.pdf</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Above is shown the occupational employment density of chemical engineers separated county. It is noticeable that the coastal areas of the United States are most attractive for chemical process industries due, no doubt, to the easy access to water transportation routes, which are cheaper and faster than land transportation. Building a process plant in any of the “240-3,740” density shaded regions would capture the additional benefit of having the process plant built in an area where supporting industries already thrive, therefore making repairs and operational costs as a whole as low as possible as determined by location. The states of greatest chemical process plant density are California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and the majority of the east coast states. The local corporate tax rates of these locations are highly dependent on income bracket as per the information found at http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/corp_inc.pdf</div></td>
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</table>SheridanLichtor